This photo shows the study used by Cardinal Newman. John Henry Newman was an Anglican clergyman who, after studying and deeply investigating Catholicism, was one of the founders of the "Oxford Movement" in 1833. The "Movement", essentially the writings and lectures of a group of recognized scholars encouraging the return of the Anglican Church to the principles and dogmas of Apostolic times, was responsible for hundreds of conversions to the Catholic Church in England. Newman, who became a Catholic priest, was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Leo XIII in 1879. He was never a bishop. He died in 1890. Among his famous works are his "Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine" and his "Apologia". One of the most important aspects of his "Essay..." was his demonstration that the line of continuity between the Apostolic church and the present Catholic Church was intact. The teachings familiar to Catholics in the 1800's were essentially the same as those in the first few centuries of Christianity, though many doctrines had been greatly developed in understanding.